Abstract

The various failure mechanisms in bidirectional glass/epoxy laminates loaded in tension are identified using acoustic emission (AE) analysis. AE data recorded during the tensile testing of a single layer specimen are used to identify matrix cracking and fiber failure, while delamination signals are characterized using a two-layer specimen with a pre-induced defect. Parametric studies using AE count rate and cumulative counts allowed damage discrimination at different levels of loading and Fuzzy C-means clustering associated with principal component analysis were used to discriminate between failure mechanisms. The two above methods led to AE waveform selection: On selected waveforms, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) enabled calculating the frequency content of each damage mechanism. Continuous wavelet transform allowed identifying frequency range and time history for failure modes, whilst noise content associated with the different failure modes was calculated and removed by discrete wavelet transform. Short Time FFT finally highlighted the possible failure mechanism associated with each signal.

References

1.
Godin
,
N.
,
Huguet
,
S.
, and
Gaertner
,
R.
, “
Integration of the Kohonen’s Self Organizing Map and K-Means Algorithms for the Segmentation of the AE Data Collected During Tensile Tests on Cross Ply Composites
,”
NDT Int.
 0308-9126, Vol.
38
,
2005
, pp.
299
309
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2004.09.006
2.
Philippidis
,
T. P.
,
Nikolaidis
,
V. N.
, and
Anastassopoulos
,
A. A.
, “
Damage Characterization of Carbon/Carbon Laminates Using Neural Network Techniques on AE Signals
,”
NDT Int.
 0308-9126, Vol.
31
,
1998
, pp.
329
340
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(98)00015-2
3.
De Oliveira
,
R.
and
Marques
,
A. T.
, “
Health Monitoring of FRP Using Acoustic Emission and Artificial Neural Network
,”
Comput. Struct.
 0045-7949, Vol.
86
,
2008
, pp.
367
373
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2007.02.015
4.
Barre
,
S.
and
Benzeggagh
,
M. L.
, “
On the Use of Acoustic Emission to Investigate Damage Mechanism in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
 0266-3538, Vol.
52
,
1994
, pp.
369
376
. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(94)90171-6
5.
Dzenis
,
Y. A.
and
Qian
,
J.
, “
Analysis of Micro Damage Evolution Histories in Composites
,”
Int. J. Solids Struct.
 0020-7683, Vol.
38
,
2001
, pp.
1831
1854
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(00)00138-4
6.
Bar
,
H. N.
,
Bhat
,
M. R.
, and
Murthy
,
C. R. L.
, “
Parametric Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals for Evaluating Damage in Composites Using PVDF Film Sensors
,”
NDT Int.
 0308-9126, Vol.
24
,
2005
, pp.
121
134
.
7.
Sung
,
D. U.
,
Kim
,
C. G.
, and
Hong
,
C. S.
, “
Monitoring of Impact Damages in Composite Laminates Using Wavelet Transform
,”
Composites, Part B
 1359-8368, Vol.
33
,
2002
, pp.
35
43
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(01)00051-8
8.
Siron
,
O.
,
Chollan
,
G.
,
Tsudha
,
H.
,
Yamauchi
,
H.
,
Maeda
,
K.
, and
Kosaka
,
K.
, “
Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Filler-Added Coal-Tar Pitch-Based C/C Composites. The Damage and Fracture Process in Correlation with AE Waveform Parameter
,”
Carbon
 0008-6223, Vol.
38
,
2000
, pp.
1369
1389
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00270-5
9.
Marec
,
A.
,
Thomas
,
J.-H.
, and
El Guerjouma
,
R.
, “
Damage Characterization of Polymer-Based Composites Materials: Multivariable Analysis and Wavelet Transform for Clustering Acoustic Emission Data
,”
Mech. Syst. Signal Process.
 0888-3270, Vol.
22
,
2008
, pp.
1441
1464
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2007.11.029
10.
Godin
,
N.
,
Huguet
,
S.
,
Gaertner
,
R.
, and
Salmon
,
L.
, “
Clustering of Acoustic Emission Signals Collected During Tensile Test on Unidirectional Glass/Polyester Composites Using Supervised and Unsupervised Classifiers
,”
NDT Int.
 0308-9126, Vol.
37
,
2004
, pp.
253
264
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2003.09.010
11.
Kohonen
,
T.
, “
Self-Organized Network
,”
Proc. IEEE
 0018-9219, Vol.
43
,
1990
, pp.
59
69
.
12.
Likas
,
A.
,
Vlassis
,
N.
, and
Verbeek
,
J.
, “
The Global k-Means Clustering Algorithm
,”
Pattern Recogn.
 0031-3203, Vol.
36
(
2
),
2003
, pp.
451
461
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3203(02)00060-2
13.
Huguet
,
S.
,
Godin
,
N.
,
Gaertner
,
R.
,
Salmon
,
L.
, and
Villiard
,
D.
, “
Use of Acoustic Emission to Identify Damage Modes in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
 0266-3538, Vol.
62
,
2002
, pp.
1433
1444
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00087-8
14.
Gutkin
,
R.
,
Green
,
C. J.
,
Vangrattanachai
,
S.
,
Pinho
,
S. T.
,
Robinson
,
P.
, and
Curtis
,
P. T.
, “
On Acoustic Emission for Failure Investigation in CFRP: Pattern Recognition and Peak Frequency Analyses
,”
Mech. Syst. Signal Process.
 0888-3270, Vol.
25
(
4
),
2011
, pp.
1393
1407
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.11.014
15.
Bhat
,
C.
,
Bhat
,
M. R.
, and
Murthy
,
C. R. L.
, “
Acoustic Emission Characterization of Failure Modes in Composites with ANN
,”
Compos. Struct.
 0263-8223, Vol.
61
,
2003
, pp.
213
220
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00068-0
16.
Bar
,
H. N.
,
Bhat
,
M. R.
, and
Murthy
,
C. R. L.
, “
Identification of Failures Modes in GFRP Using PVDF Sensors: ANN Approach
,”
Compos. Struct.
 0263-8223, Vol.
65
,
2004
, pp.
231
237
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2003.10.019
17.
Qi
,
G.
, “
Wavelet Based AE Characterization of Composite Materials
,”
NDT Int.
 0308-9126, Vol.
33
,
2000
, pp.
133
144
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(99)00037-7
18.
Bussiba
,
A.
,
Piat
,
R.
,
Kupiec
,
M.
,
Carmi
,
R.
,
Alon
,
I.
, and
Bohlke
,
T
, “
Threshold parameters and Damage accumulation profile in C/C composites monitored by Acoustic Emission Response: Progress in Acoustic Emission XIV, the Japanese society for NDI
,”
2008
.
19.
Bussiba
,
A.
,
Kupiec
,
M.
,
Ifergane
,
S.
,
Piat
,
R.
, and
Bohlke
,
T.
, “
Damage Evolution and Fracture Events Sequence in Various Composites by Acoustic Emission Technique
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
 0266-3538, Vol.
68
,
2008
, pp.
1144
1155
.
20.
Bussiba
,
A.
,
Kupiec
,
M.
,
Piat
,
R.
, and
Bohlke
,
T.
, “
Fracture Characterization of C/C Composites Under Various Stress Modes by Monitoring both Mechanical and Acoustic Responses
,”
Carbon
 0008-6223, Vol.
46
,
2008
, pp.
618
630
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.01.020
21.
Ramirez-Jimenez
,
C.
,
Papadakis
,
N.
, and
Reynolds
,
N.
, “
Identification of Failure Modes in Glass/Polypropylene Composites by Means of the Primary Frequency Content of the Acoustic Emission Events
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
 0266-3538, Vol.
64
,
2004
, pp.
1819
1827
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.01.008
22.
Bohse
,
J.
, “
Damage Analysis of Polymer Matrix Composites by Acoustic Emission Testing
,”
Proceedings of European WG on AE
, Berlin,
2004
, DGZfP, Berlin, pp.
339
348
.
23.
Giordano
,
M.
,
Calabrò
,
A.
,
Esposito
,
C.
,
D’Amore
,
A.
, and
Nicolais
,
L.
, “
An Acoustic—Emission Characterization of the Failure Modes in Polymer-Composite Materials
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
 0266-3538, Vol.
58
,
1998
, pp.
1923
1928
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(98)00013-X
24.
Ni
,
Q.-Q.
and
Iwamoto
,
M.
, “
Wavelet Transform of Acoustic Emission Signals in Failure of Model Composites
,”
Eng. Fract. Mech.
 0013-7944, Vol.
69
,
2002
, pp.
717
728
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(01)00105-9
25.
Hamstad
,
M. A.
,
O’Gallagher
,
A.
, and
Gary
,
J.
, “
A Wavelet Transform Applied to Acoustic Emission Signals: Part I: Source Identification
,”
J. Acoust. Emission
, Vol.
20
,
2002
, pp.
39
61
.
26.
de Groot
,
P. J.
,
Wijnen
,
P. A. M.
, and
Janssen
,
R. B. F.
, “
Real Time Frequency Determination of Acoustic Emission for Different Fracture Mechanism in Carbon/Epoxy Composites
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
 0266-3538, Vol.
55
,
1995
, pp.
405
412
. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(95)00121-2
27.
Suzuki
,
H.
,
Kinjo
,
T.
,
Hayashi
,
Y.
,
Takemoto
,
M.
, and
Ono
,
K.
, “
Wavelet Transforms of Acoustic Emission Signals
,”
J. Acoust. Emission
, Vol.
14
,
1996
, pp.
69
84
.
28.
Kalogiannakis
,
G.
and
Van Hemelrijck
,
D.
, “
Classification of Wavelet Decomposed AE Signals Based on Parameter-Less Self Organized Mapping
,”
4th International Conference on NDT of the Hellenic Society for NDT (HSNT)
, October 11–14,
2007
, Crete-Greece.
29.
Oskouei
,
A. R.
,
Ahmadi
M.
, and
Hajikhani
,
M.
, “
Wavelet-Based Acoustic Emission Characterization of Damage Mechanism in Composite Materials Under Mode I Delamination at Different Interfaces
,”
eXPRESS Polymer Letters
, Vol.
3
(
12
),
2009
, pp.
804
813
. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2009.99
30.
Calabrese
,
L.
,
Campanella
,
G.
, and
Proverbio
,
E.
, “
Use of Cluster Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals in Evaluating Damage Severity in Concrete Structures
,”
J. Acoust. Emission
, Vol.
28
,
2010
, pp.
129
141
.
31.
Arumugam
,
V.
,
Shankar
,
R. N.
,
Sridhar
,
B. T. N.
, and
Stanley
,
A. J.
, “
Ultimate Strength Prediction of Carbon/Epoxy Tensile Specimens from Acoustic Emission Data
,”
J. Mater. Sci. Technol.
 0861-9786, Vol.
26
(
8
),
2010
, pp.
725
729
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-0302(10)60114-4
32.
Nguyen
,
B. N.
,
Tucker
,
B. J.
, and
Khaleel
,
M. A.
, “
A Mechanistic Approach to Matrix Cracking Coupled With Fiber-Matrix Debonding in Short-Fiber Composites
,”
ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol.
 0094-4289, Vol.
127
(
3
),
2005
, pp.
337
350
. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1924565
33.
Pal
,
N. R.
and
Bezdek
,
J. C.
, “
On Cluster Validity for the Fuzzy c-Means Model
,”
IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst.
 1063-6706, Vol.
3
(
3
),
1995
, pp.
370
379
. https://doi.org/10.1109/91.413225
34.
Mallat
,
S.
,
A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing
,
Academic Press
,
New York
,
1998
.
35.
Yang
,
B. L.
,
Zhuang
,
X. M.
,
Zhang
,
T. H.
, and
Yan
,
X.
, “
Damage Mode Identification for the Clustering Analysis of AE Signals in Thermoplastic Composites
,”
J. Nondestruct. Eval.
 0195-9298, Vol.
28
(
3–4
),
2009
, pp.
163
168
. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-009-0059-3
36.
Munoz-Najar
,
A.
and
Hashemi
,
J.
, “
Continuous Wavelet Transform Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals
,”
Imac—Proceedings of the 17th International Modal Analysis Conference
, Vol.
3727
,
1999
, pp.
99
102
.
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.