...Shinji Konosu Assessment of multiple discrete cracklike flaws is one of the most common problems relating to pressure vessels and piping components. Under the current fitness for service (FFS) rules, such as ASME, BS, and so on, multiple cracklike flaws are usually recharacterized as an enveloping...

... adopted in the Ibaraki fitness for service (FFS) rule based on the specified minimum yield stress with a safety factor of 1.5 indicates that the safety margin for the plastic initiation loads at LTA is about 1.0–3.0, about 1.5–4.0 for the TES loads at LTA, and 2.5–6.5 for the plastic instability (break...

... strength fitness for service (FFS) collapse limit p-M diagram local thin area internal pressure external bending moment buckling stress There are numerous cases in which the external surfaces of cylinders such as towers, piping, and storage tanks are partially corroded under...