.... bending durability failure analysis fracture mechanics pipelines pipes plasticity reliability structural engineering tensile strength yield stress Line pipe fracture mechanics plastic collapse structural integrity bend loading From the literature ( 2 ), a useful expression...

... . The tensile tests revealed that the Bauschinger effect and work hardening were dependent on the yield-to-tensile ratio ( Y ∕ T ) of the steels; the change in yield stress due to prestrain linearly depended on the Y ∕ T of the base metal. A critical CTOD for crack initiation decreased with increasing ∣ ε pr...

... on the strain distribution after cold bending. The tensile tests quantitatively evaluated the decrease in the yield stress along the longitudinal direction on the cold bends due to the Bauschinger effect. 1 The FE analyses method was established for simulating the cold bending process by considering...