Fig. 1 Polar coordinate system definition relative to craniocaudal axis More about this image found in Polar coordinate system definition relative to craniocaudal axis

Fig. 2 Experimental testing setup: (left) KUKA system with mounted specimen, (center) close-up on specimen with optical sensors, (right) optical sensor coordinate systems in tracking software More about this image found in Experimental testing setup: (left) KUKA system with mounted specimen, (cent...

Fig. 3 Individual ( a ) and combined ( b ) petal, ray, and circle trajectories. Inset on ( b ) details the anatomical descriptions of possible joint kinematic pathways to achieve each kinematic pose. More about this image found in Individual ( a ) and combined ( b ) petal, ray, and circle trajectories. In...

Fig. 4 The moment-controlled boundary capture loading, combined displacement-controlled multiplanar trajectories, and the resulting boundary-cropped, displacement-controlled multiplanar trajectories More about this image found in The moment-controlled boundary capture loading, combined displacement-contr...

Fig. 5 Resultant stiffness surfaces for paired CW (top row) and CCW (bottom row) cycles of the petals trajectory, separated by distally- (left column) and medially-traveling (right column) loading, and combined medial & distal loading for a CW surface (top left). Cropped petals trajectory show... More about this image found in Resultant stiffness surfaces for paired CW (top row) and CCW (bottom row) c...

Fig. 6 Stiffness surfaces marked with pure moment LB and FE bending planes and local maxima stiffness locations (dots) More about this image found in Stiffness surfaces marked with pure moment LB and FE bending planes and loc...

Fig. 7 ( a ) LB, ( b ) FE, ( c ) 45 deg, and ( d ) 135 deg slices through stiffness surface More about this image found in ( a ) LB, ( b ) FE, ( c ) 45 deg, and ( d ) 135 deg slices through stiffnes...

Fig. 7 ( a ) LB, ( b ) FE, ( c ) 45 deg, and ( d ) 135 deg slices through stiffness surface More about this image found in ( a ) LB, ( b ) FE, ( c ) 45 deg, and ( d ) 135 deg slices through stiffnes...

Fig. 8 Min and max stiffness values by trajectory direction and travel direction More about this image found in Min and max stiffness values by trajectory direction and travel direction

Fig. 1 Anatomy of the human ear: ( a ) the outer ear includes organs such as the pinna, and ear canal; the middle ear includes the tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, and stapes; the inner ear includes semicircular canals, and cochlea; ( b ) structure and quadrants of the tympanic membrane (right e... More about this image found in Anatomy of the human ear: ( a ) the outer ear includes organs such as the p...

Fig. 2 Initial characterization of the cadaveric human TM: ( a )microscope images of the intact tympanic membranes, ( b )thickness + shape profiles measured through OCT, evaluated at the positions indicated in ( a ), and ( c ) tomographic computed TM thickness maps for TB1 and TB2 More about this image found in Initial characterization of the cadaveric human TM: ( a )microscope images ...

Fig. 3 Preparation and evaluation of the samples: ( a ) microscope images of the painted tympanic membranes, and ( b ) shape measurements by stereoscopic imaging and geometry evaluation for TB1 and TB2 More about this image found in Preparation and evaluation of the samples: ( a ) microscope images of the p...

Fig. 4 Representation of integrated system used for blast exposure experiments: ( a ) instrumented shock tube with pressure sensors, ( b ) high-speed Schlieren setup, ( c ) stereo configuration for high-speed 3D DIC, and ( d )representative timeline of events during one experiment More about this image found in Representation of integrated system used for blast exposure experiments: ( ...

Fig. 5 Realization of integrated system: ( a ) experimental setup including instrumented shock tube, high-speed 3D-DIC, and high-speed Schlieren setup and ( b ) detailed view of a tympanic membrane tested and positioned in front of the shock tube More about this image found in Realization of integrated system: ( a ) experimental setup including instru...

Fig. 6 Presentation of results: ( a ) view from stereo high-speed 3D DIC cameras with overlaid dynamic results, ( b )high-speed Schlieren camera view, with representations of first and second SWs, ( c ) analyzed tympanic membrane and indication of the four points of interest analyzed in this study... More about this image found in Presentation of results: ( a ) view from stereo high-speed 3D DIC cameras w...

Fig. 7 Three-dimensional view of human TM, with an inset representing curvilinear local coordinates: ( a ) DIC global measurement coordinates x , y , z and corresponding displacements u, v, w , and ( b ) schematic of local coordinate system α , β , η on a TM element with a thi... More about this image found in Three-dimensional view of human TM, with an inset representing curvilinear ...

Fig. 8 Pressure evaluations for the three initial blast tests of TB1. For each level, pressure curves and corresponding Schlieren images are presented at specific moments indicated on the plot. Levels 1, 2, and 3 are presented in ( a ), ( b ), and ( c ), respectively. More about this image found in Pressure evaluations for the three initial blast tests of TB1. For each lev...