Abstract

The effects of the resin curing recipe and ambient processing temperature on the mechanical properties of composite laminates were investigated. Woven roving E-glass/vinyl-ester composite plates were fabricated with a pliable-bag vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process over a range of ambient temperatures and resin gel times commonly encountered when fabricating polymer composite parts for the marine industry. Standardized tests for Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness, compression, constituent volume fraction, and Barcol hardness were conducted. Interlaminar fracture toughness exhibited the most variability among the measured properties. Although there were few direct correlations between the measured properties and the parameters in the study, there were several statistically significant differences that could not be discarded as random, as they were consistent among the replicate panels fabricated for each combination of parameters in the study.

References

1.
Tackitt
,
K. D.
and
Walsh
,
S. M.
, “
Experimental Study of Thickness Gradient Formation in the VARTM Process
,”
Mater. Manuf. Processes
, Vol.
20
,
2005
, pp.
607
627
. https://doi.org/10.1081/AMP-200041896
2.
Hammami
,
A.
, “
Effect of Reinforcement Structure on Compaction Behavior in the Vacuum Infusion Process
,”
Polym. Compos.
, Vol.
22
(
3
),
2001
, pp.
337
348
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10542
3.
Govignon
,
Q.
,
Bickerton
,
S.
,
Morris
,
J.
, and
Kelly
,
P. A.
, “
Full Field Monitoring of the Resin Flow and Laminate Properties during the Resin Infusion Process
,”
Composites, Part A
, Vol.
39
,
2008
, pp.
1412
1426
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.05.005
4.
Baley
,
C.
,
Davies
,
P.
,
Grohens
,
Y.
, and
Dolto
,
G.
, “
Application of Interlaminar Tests to Marine Composites. A Literature Review
,”
Appl. Compos. Mater.
, Vol.
11
,
2004
, pp.
99
126
. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ACMA.0000012902.93986.bf
5.
Rigas
,
E. J.
,
Mulkern
,
T. J.
,
Walsh
,
S. M.
, and
Nguyen
,
S. P.
, “
Effects of Processing Conditions on Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process (VARTM)
,”
Report No. ARL-TR-2480
, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD,
2001
, pp.
1
20
.
6.
Nguyen
,
L. B.
,
Juska
,
T.
, and
Mayes
,
J. S.
, “
Evaluation of Low Cost Manufacturing Technologies for Large Scale Composite Ship Structures
,”
Collection of Technical Papers—AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference
, Vol.
2
,
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
,
Reston, VA
,
1997
, pp.
992
1001
.
7.
Hammami
,
A.
and
Gebart
,
B. R.
, “
Analysis of Vacuum Infusion Molding Process
,”
Polym. Compos.
, Vol.
21
(
1
),
2000
, pp.
28
40
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10162
8.
Han
,
K.
,
Jiang
,
S.
,
Zhang
,
C.
, and
Wang
,
B.
, “
Flow Modeling and Simulation of SCRIMP for Composites Manufacturing
,”
Composites, Part A
, Vol.
31
,
2000
, pp.
79
86
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(99)00053-6
9.
Yenilmez
,
B.
and
Sozer
,
E. M.
, “
Variation of Part Thickness and Compaction Pressure in Vacuum Infusion Process
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
, Vol.
69
,
2009
, pp.
1710
1719
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.05.009
10.
Yenilmez
,
B.
and
Sozer
,
E. M.
, “
Compaction of e-glass Fabric Preforms in the Vacuum Infusion Process, A—Characterization Experiments
,”
Composites, Part A
, Vol.
40
,
2009
, pp.
499
510
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.01.016
11.
Chen
,
B.
,
Lang
,
E. J.
, and
Chou
,
T. W.
, “
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Fabric Compaction Behavior in Resin Transfer Molding
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng.
, Vol.
A317
,
2001
, pp.
188
196
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01175-3
12.
Babu
,
B. Z.
and
Pillai
,
K. M.
, “
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Fiber-mat Architecture on the Unsaturated Flow in Liquid Composite Molding
,”
J. Compos. Mater.
, Vol.
38
,
2004
, pp.
57
79
. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998304038176
13.
Grimsley
,
B. W.
,
Hubert
,
P.
,
Song
,
X.
,
Cano
,
R. J.
,
Loos
,
A. C.
, and
Pipes
,
R. B.
, “
Flow and Compaction during the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process
,”
Proceedings of the 33rd International SAMPE Technical Conference: Advancing Affordable Materials Technology
, Vol.
33
,
Seattle, WA
, Nov 5–8,
2001
, SAMPE, Covina, CA, pp.
140
153
.
14.
Abadie
,
M. J. M.
,
Mekhissi
,
K.
, and
Burchill
,
P. J.
, “
Effects of Processing Conditions on the Curing of a Vinyl Ester Resin
,”
J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, Vol.
84
(
6
),
2002
, pp.
1146
1154
. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.10403
15.
Vaidya
,
U. K.
,
Jadhav
,
N. C.
,
Hosur
,
M. V.
,
Gillespie
,
J. W.
, Jr.
, and
Fink
,
B. K.
, “
Assessment of Flow and Cure Monitoring Using Direct Current and Alternating Current Sensing in Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Molding
,”
Smart Mater. Struct.
, Vol.
9
(
6
),
2000
, pp.
727
736
. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/9/6/301
16.
Cao
,
X.
and
Lee
,
L. J.
, “
Control of Shrinkage and Final Conversion of Vinyl Ester Resins Cured in Low-Temperature Molding Processes
,”
J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, Vol.
90
(
6
),
2003
, pp.
1486
1496
. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.12649
17.
Dua
,
S.
,
Mccullough
,
R. L.
, and
Palmese
,
G. R.
, “
Copolymerization Kinetics of Styrene/Vinyl-Ester Systems: Low Temperature Reactions
,”
Polym. Compos.
, Vol.
20
(
3
),
1999
, pp.
379
391
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10364
18.
Cook
,
W. D.
,
Simon
,
G. P.
,
Burchill
,
P. J.
,
Lau
,
M.
, and
Fitch
,
T. J.
, “
Curing Kinetics and Thermal Properties of Vinyl Ester Resins
,”
J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, Vol.
64
(
4
),
1997
, pp.
769
781
. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970425)64:4<769::AID-APP16>3.0.CO;2-P
19.
Aranguren
,
M. I.
,
Elicabe
,
G.
,
Borrajo
,
J.
, and
Auad
,
M. L.
, “
Curing Kinetics of Divinyl Ester Resins With Styrene
,”
J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, Vol.
74
(
5
),
1999
, pp.
1044
1053
. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19991031)74:5<1044::AID-APP2>3.0.CO;2-Q
20.
Karbhari
,
V. M.
, “
Effect of Internal Mold Release Agent on the Cure and Property Variation in Resin Transfer Molding Composites
,”
J. Mater. Sci. Lett.
, Vol.
17
(
24
),
1998
, pp.
2061
2062
. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006663612780
21.
Li
,
L.
and
Lee
,
L. J.
, “
Effects of a Chelating Agent - 2, 4-Pentanedione on Low Temperature Composite Molding of Vinyl Ester and Unsaturated Polyester Resins
,”
Polym. Compos.
, Vol.
23
(
6
),
2002
, pp.
971
990
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10494
22.
Li
,
L.
and
Lee
,
L. J.
, “
Effects of Inhibitors and Retarders on Low Temperature Free Radical Crosslinking Polymerization between Styrene and Vinyl Ester Resin
,”
Polym. Eng. Sci.
, Vol.
41
(
1
),
2001
, pp.
53
65
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.10708
23.
Starr
,
B. C.
,
2001
, “
Inter-Relationships between Chemistry, Network Structure and Properties of Chain Growth Dimethacrylate Thermosets
,” Ph.D. dissertation,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
, Blacksburg, VA, pp.
85
103
.
24.
Fink
,
B. K.
,
Bogetti
,
T. A.
,
Stone
,
M. A.
, and
Gillespie
,
J. W.
, Jr.
, “
Thermochemical Response of Vinyl-Ester Resin
,”
Report No. ARL-TR-2653
, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD,
2002
, pp.
1
25
.
25.
Zhao
,
L.
,
Cordovez
,
M.
, and
Karbhari
,
V. M.
, “
Exothermic Temperature History in the Processing of Resin Infused Composite Structural Components
,”
Appl. Compos. Mater.
, Vol.
8
,
2001
, pp.
99
131
. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011232402628
26.
Flores
,
F.
,
Gillespie
,
J. W.
, Jr.
, and
Bogetti
,
T. A.
, “
Experimental Investigation of the Cure-Dependent Response of Vinyl Ester Resin
,”
Polym. Eng. Sci.
, Vol.
42
(
3
),
2002
, pp.
582
590
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.10973
27.
Cummings
,
L. C.
, “
Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Cure Optimization and Quality Control of a Vinyl Ester Resin
,”
Polym. Compos.
, Vol.
4
(
4
),
1983
, pp.
201
205
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.750040402
28.
Kim
,
Y. K.
and
Daniel
,
I. M.
, “
Cure Cycle Effect on Composite Structures Manufactured by Resin Transfer Molding
,”
J. Compos. Mater.
, Vol.
36
,
2002
, pp.
1725
1743
. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998302036014598
29.
Li
,
P.
,
Yang
,
X.
,
Yu
,
Y.
, and
Yu
,
D.
, “
Cure Kinetics, Microheterogeneity, and Mechanical Properties of the High-Temperature Cure of Vinyl Ester Resins
,”
J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, Vol.
92
(
2
),
2004
, pp.
1124
1133
. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.13686
30.
Kootsookos
,
A.
and
Burchill
,
P. J.
, “
Effect of the Degree of Cure on the Corrosion Resistance of Vinyl Ester/Glass Fibre Composites
,”
Composites, Part A
, Vol.
35
(
4
),
2004
, pp.
501
508
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.08.010
31.
Ziaee
,
S.
and
Palmese
,
G. R.
, “
Effects of Temperature on Cure Kinetics and Mechanical Properties of Vinyl-Ester Resins
,”
J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.
, Vol.
37
(
7
),
1999
, pp.
725
744
. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19990401)37:7<725::AID-POLB23>3.0.CO;2-E
32.
Brill
,
R. P.
and
Palmese
,
G. R.
, “
Investigation of Vinyl-Ester Styrene Bulk Copolymerization Cure Kinetics Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
,”
J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, Vol.
76
(
10
),
2000
, pp.
1572
1582
. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000606)76:10<1572::AID-APP12>3.0.CO;2-C
33.
Li
,
L.
,
Sun
,
X.
, and
Lee
,
L. J.
, “
Low Temperature Cure of Vinyl Ester Resins
,”
Polym. Eng. Sci.
, Vol.
39
(
4
),
1999
, pp.
646
661
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.11454
34.
Martin
,
J. S.
,
Laza
,
J. M.
,
Morras
,
M. L.
,
Rodriguez
,
M.
, and
Leon
,
L. M.
, “
Study of the Curing Process of a Vinyl Ester Resin by Means of TSR and DMTA
,”
Polymer
, Vol.
41
(
11
),
2000
, pp.
4203
4211
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00631-X
35.
Ruiz
,
E.
and
Trochu
,
F.
, “
Thermomechanical Properties during Cure of Glass-Polyester RTM Composites: Elastic and Viscoelastic Modeling
,”
J. Compos. Mater.
, Vol.
39
,
2005
, pp.
881
916
. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998305048732
36.
Fink
,
B. K.
,
Dorairaj
,
M. B.
, and
Gillespie
,
J. W.
, Jr.
, “
Vinyl-Ester Cure Characterization Via Direct Current Sensors
,”
Report No. ARL-TR-2441
,
Army Research Laboratory
,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
,
2001
, pp.
1
82
.
37.
Valea
,
A.
,
Martinez
,
I.
,
Gonzalez
,
M. L.
,
Eceiza
,
A.
, and
Mondragon
,
I.
, “
Influence of Cure Schedule and Solvent Exposure on the Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of a Vinyl Ester Resin Containing Glass Fibers
,”
J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, Vol.
70
(
13
),
1998
, pp.
2595
2602
. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19981226)70:13<2595::AID-APP5>3.0.CO;2-W
38.
Cain
,
J. J.
,
Post
,
N. L.
,
Lesko
,
J. J.
,
Case
,
S. W.
,
Lin
,
Y.
,
Riffle
,
J. S.
, and
Hess
,
P. E.
, “
Post-Curing Effects on Marine VARTM FRP Composite Material Properties for Test and Implementation
,”
J. Eng. Mater. Technol.
, Vol.
128
,
2006
, pp.
34
40
. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2128425
39.
Michaud
,
D. J.
,
Beris
,
A. N.
, and
Dhurjati
,
P. S.
, “
Curing Behavior of Thick-Sectioned RTM Composites
,”
J. Compos. Mater.
, Vol.
32
,
1998
, pp.
1273
1296
. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199839803201402
40.
Auad
,
M. L.
,
Frontini
,
P. M.
,
Borrajo
,
J.
, and
Aranguren
,
M. I.
, “
Liquid Rubber Modified Vinyl Ester Resins: Fracture and Mechanical Behavior
,”
Polymer
, Vol.
42
(
8
),
2001
, pp.
3723
3730
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00773-4
41.
Comas-Cardona
,
S.
,
Ziaee
,
S.
, and
Advani
,
S. G.
, “
Spatially Homogeneous Gelation in Liquid Composite Molding
,”
Polym. Eng. Sci.
, Vol.
42
(
8
),
2002
, pp.
1667
1673
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.11061
42.
Burts
,
E.
,
2000
, “
Structure and Properties of Dimethacrylate-Styrene Resins and Networks
,” Ph.D. dissertation,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
, Blacksburg, VA, pp.
1
172
.
43.
Li
,
H.
,
1998
, “
Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Vinyl Ester Matrix Resins
,” Ph.D. dissertation,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
, Blacksburg, VA, pp.
30
150
.
44.
Karbhari
,
V. M.
and
Simacek
,
P.
, “
Notes on the Modeling of Preform Compaction: II—Effect of Sizing on Bundle Level Micromechanics
,”
J. Reinf. Plast. Compos.
, Vol.
15
(
8
),
1996
, pp.
837
861
.
45.
Marston
,
C.
,
Gabbitas
,
B.
, and
Adams
,
J.
, “
Effect of Fibre Sizing on Fibres and Bundle Strength in Hybrid Glass Carbon Fibre Composites
,”
J. Mater. Sci.
, Vol.
32
(
6
),
1997
, pp.
1415
1423
. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018537530192
46.
Kim
,
J. K.
,
Sham
,
M. L.
,
Sohn
,
M. S.
, and
Hamada
,
H.
, “
Effect of Hybrid Layers With Different Silane Coupling Agents on Impact Response of Glass Fabric Reinforced Vinyl Ester Matrix Composites
,”
Polymer
, Vol.
4
,
2001
, pp.
7455
7460
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00246-4
47.
Tanoglu
,
M.
,
Mcknight
,
S. H.
,
Palmese
,
G. R.
, and
Gillespie
,
J. W.
, “
Effects of Glass-Fiber Sizings on the Strength and Energy Absorption of the Fiber/Matrix Interphase Under High Loading Rates
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
, Vol.
61
(
2
),
2001
, pp.
205
220
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(00)00195-0
48.
Upadhyaya
,
D.
and
Tsakiropoulos
,
P.
, “
Evaluation of the Effect of Sizing Levels on Transverse Flexural and Shear Strengths of Carbon/Epoxy Composites
,”
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, Vol.
54
,
1995
, pp.
17
20
. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(95)01912-X
49.
Jensen
,
R. E.
and
Mcknight
,
S. H.
, “
Strength and Durability of Glass Fiber Composites Treated With Multi-Component Sizing Formulations
,”
Report No. ARL-TR-2655
,
Army Research Laboratory
,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
,
2002
, pp.
1
18
.
50.
Karbhari
,
V. M.
and
Lee
,
R.
, “
On the Effect of E-Glass Fiber on the Cure Behavior of Vinylester Composites
,”
J. Reinf. Plast. Compos.
, Vol.
21
,
2002
, pp.
901
918
.
51.
Palmese
,
G. R.
,
Andersen
,
O. A.
, and
Karbhari
,
V. M.
, “
Effect of Glass Fiber Sizing on the Cure Kinetics of Vinyl-Ester Resins
,”
Composites, Part A
, Vol.
30
(
1
),
1999
, pp.
11
18
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(98)00108-0
52.
Peters
,
P. W. M.
and
Springer
,
G. S.
, “
Effects of Cure and Sizing on Fiber-Matrix Bond Strength
,”
J. Compos. Mater.
, Vol.
21
(
1
),
1987
, pp.
157
171
. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199838702100206
53.
Ikuta
,
N.
,
Yanagawa
,
A.
,
Suzuki
,
Y.
, and
Ochiai
,
S.
, “
Investigation on Resin Interphase Produced Near Silane-treated Glass Fiber in Vinyl Ester Resin
,”
Compos. Interfaces
, Vol.
8
(
2
),
2001
, pp.
121
125
. https://doi.org/10.1163/156855400750387772
54.
Karbhari
,
V. M.
and
Palmese
,
G. R.
, “
Sizing Related Kinetic and Flow Considerations in the Resin Infusion of Composites
,”
J. Mater. Sci.
, Vol.
32
,
1997
, pp.
5761
5774
. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018626002895
55.
Karbhari
,
V. M.
and
Kabalnova
,
L.
, “
Effect of Sizing and Loading Levels on the Cure Kinetics of Carbon Fiber Vinylester Composites
,”
J. Reinf. Plast. Compos.
, Vol.
20
,
2001
, pp.
90
104
. https://doi.org/10.1177/073168401772678292
56.
Saidpour
,
S. H.
and
Richardson
,
M. W.
, “
Glass Fibre Coating for Optimum Mechanical Properties of Vinyl Ester Composites
,”
Composites, Part A
, Vol.
28A
,
1997
, pp.
971
975
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(97)00071-7
57.
Hirai
,
Y.
,
Hamada
,
H.
, and
Kim
,
J. K.
, “
Impact Response of Woven Glass-Fabric Composites—I. Effect of Fibre Surface Treatment
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
, Vol.
58
,
1998
, pp.
91
104
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00111-5
58.
Thomason
,
J. L.
, “
Interface Region in Glass Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites: Characterization of Fibre Surface Coatings and the Interphase
,”
Composites
, Vol.
26
(
7
),
1995
, pp.
487
498
. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(95)96806-H
59.
Zinck
,
P.
,
Pay
,
M. F.
,
Rezakhanlou
,
R.
, and
Gerard
,
J. F.
, “
Mechanical Characterization of Glass Fibres as an Indirect Analysis of the Effect of Surface Treatment
,”
J. Mater. Sci.
, Vol.
34
(
9
),
1999
, pp.
2121
2133
. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004572112470
60.
Kessler
,
A.
and
Bledzki
,
A.
, “
Correlation between Interphase-Relevant Tests and the Impact-Damage Resistance of Glass/Epoxy Laminates With Different Surface Treatments
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
, Vol.
60
,
2000
, pp.
125
130
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00105-0
61.
Robertson
,
M. A. E.
,
Bump
,
M. B.
,
Verghese
,
K. E.
,
Mccartney
,
S. R.
,
Lesko
,
J. J.
,
Riffle
,
J. S.
,
Kim
,
I. C.
, and
Yoon
,
T. H.
, “
Designed Interphase Regions in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester Matrix Composites
,”
J. Adhes.
, Vol.
71
(
4
),
1999
, pp.
395
416
. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218469908014550
62.
Alvarez
,
V. A.
,
Valdez
,
M. E.
, and
Vazquez
,
A.
, “
Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Interphase Fiber/Matrix Evaluation of Unidirectional Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composites
,”
Polym. Test.
, Vol.
22
(
6
),
2003
, pp.
611
615
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(02)00164-2
63.
Tanoglu
,
M.
,
Mcknight
,
S. H.
,
Palmese
,
G. R.
, and
Gillespie
,
J. W.
, Jr.
, “
Dynamic Stress/Strain Response of the Interphase in Polymer Matrix Composites
,”
Polym. Compos.
, Vol.
22
(
5
),
2001
, pp.
621
635
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10565
64.
Yang
,
F.
and
Pitchumani
,
R.
, “
Effects of Interphase Formation on the Modulus and Stress Concentration Factor of Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Matrix Composites
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
, Vol.
64
,
2004
, pp.
1437
1452
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2003.09.027
65.
Madhukar
,
M. S.
and
Drzal
,
L. T.
, “
Fiber-Matrix Adhesion and Its Effect on Composite Mechanical Properties. III. Longitudinal (0°) Compressive Properties of Graphite/Epoxy Composites
,”
J. Compos. Mater.
, Vol.
26
(
1
),
1992
, pp.
310
333
. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199839202600301
66.
Madhukar
,
M. S.
and
Drzal
,
L. T.
, “
Fiber-Matrix Adhesion and Its Effect on Composite Mechanical Properties: IV. Mode I and Mode II Fracture Toughness of Graphite/Epoxy Composites
,”
J. Compos. Mater.
, Vol.
26
(
1
),
1992
, pp.
936
968
. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199839202600701
67.
Zhang
,
G.
and
Latour
,
R. A.
, Jr.
, “
FRP Composite Compressive Strength and Its Dependence upon Interfacial Bond Strength, Fiber Misalignment, and Matrix Nonlinearity
,”
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
, Vol.
6
(
10
),
1993
, pp.
298
311
. https://doi.org/10.1177/089270579300600403
68.
Deng
,
S.
and
Ye
,
L.
, “
Influence of Fiber-Matrix Adhesion on Mechanical Properties of Graphite/Epoxy Composites: II. Interlaminar Fracture and Inplane Shear Behavior
,”
J. Reinf. Plast. Compos.
, Vol.
18
,
1999
, pp.
1041
1057
.
69.
Mcdonough
,
W. G.
,
Dunkers
,
J. P.
,
Holmes
,
G. A.
,
Feresenbet
,
E.
,
Kim
,
Y. H.
, and
Parnas
,
R. S.
, “
Influence of Processing Rate and Formulation on the Interface Strength of Vinyl Ester/E-Glass Composites
,”
Polym. Compos.
, Vol.
23
(
2
),
2002
, pp.
274
283
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10431
70.
Thomason
,
J. L.
, “
Interface Region in Glass Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites: Sample Preparation, Void Content and Interfacial Strength
,”
Composites
, Vol.
26
,
1995
, pp.
467
475
. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(95)96804-F
71.
Kim
,
J. K.
and
Hodzic
,
A.
, “
Nanoscale Characterization of Thickness and Properties of Interphase in Polymer Matrix Composites
,”
J. Adhes.
, Vol.
79
,
2003
, pp.
383
414
. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218460309585
72.
Wu
,
H. F.
,
Dwight
,
D. W.
, and
Huff
,
N. T.
, “
Effects of Silane Coupling Agents on the Interphase and Performance of Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
, Vol.
57
(
8
),
1997
, pp.
975
983
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00033-X
73.
Broyles
,
N. S.
,
Verghese
,
K. N. E.
,
Davis
,
S. V.
,
Li
,
H.
,
Davis
,
R. M.
,
Lesko
,
J. J.
, and
Riffle
,
J. S.
, “
Fatigue Performance of Carbon Fibre/Vinyl Ester Composites: The Effect of Two Dissimilar Polymeric Sizing Agents
,”
Polymer
, Vol.
39
(
15
),
1998
, pp.
3417
3424
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10078-7
74.
Tanoglu
,
M.
,
Ziaee
,
S.
,
Mcknight
,
S. H.
,
Palmese
,
G. R.
, and
Gillespie
,
J. W.
, “
Investigation of Properties of Fiber/matrix Interphase Formed Due to the Glass Fiber Sizings
,”
J. Mater. Sci.
, Vol.
36
(
12
),
2001
, pp.
3041
3053
. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017979126129
75.
Juska
,
T.
and
Mayes
,
S.
, “
Post-Cure Study of Glass/Vinyl Ester Laminates Fabricated by Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding
,”
Report No. CARDIVNSWC-SSM-64-94/18
,
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division
,
Bethesda, MD
,
1995
, pp.
1
17
.
76.
Kumar
,
C. R.
,
Radhakrishna
,
K.
, and.
Rao
,
R. M. V. G. K.
, “
Postcuring Effects on Impact Behavior of Glass/Epoxy Composite Laminates
,”
J. Reinf. Plast. Compos.
, Vol.
24
(
6
),
2005
, pp.
949
960
. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684405048194
77.
Tucker
,
R.
,
Compston
,
P.
, and
Jar
,
P. -Y.B.
, “
The Effect of Post-cure Duration on the Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Glass-fibre Reinforced Vinylester
,”
Composites, Part A
, Vol.
32
,
2001
, pp.
129
134
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(00)00116-0
78.
Berube
,
K. A.
and
Lopez-Anido
,
R. A.
, “
Variability in the Material Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites for Marine Structures
,”
J. ASTM Int.
, Vol.
7
(
4
),
2010
, pp.
1
18
.
79.
Berube
,
K. A.
and
Lopez-Anido
,
R. A.
, “
Effect of Preform Consolidation on the Fracture Toughness of Marine Grade Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Fabricated With a VARTM Process
,”
J. Adv. Mater.
, Vol.
43
(
1
),
2011
, pp.
30
48
.
80.
El-Chiti
,
F.
,
2005
, “
Experimental Variability of E-Glass Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites Fabricated By VARTM/SCRIMP
,” M.S. thesis,
University of Maine
, Orono, ME.
81.
Berube
,
K. A.
,
Lopez-Anido
,
R. A.
,
Caccese
,
V.
, and
Hess
,
P.
, “
Variability in Flexural Response of e-glass/Vinyl Ester Composites Fabricated Using the VARTM Process
,”
Proceedings of the 51st International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, Creating New Opportunities for the World Economy
,
Long Beach, CA
, April 30–May 4, Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering, Covina, CA,
2006
, pp.
1
11
.
82.
Al-Assafi
,
S.
, “
Thermal Analysis of Initiator Systems for High-temperature-cure Composites
,”
Composites, Part A
, Vol.
5
,
2004
, pp.
1027
1031
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.03.015
83.
ASTM D5528
,
2001
, “
Standard Test Method for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites
,”
Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol.
15.03
,
ASTM International
,
West Conshohocken, PA
, pp. 1–12.
84.
Blake
,
S.
,
2010
, “
Crack Propagation in Secondary Bonded FRP Composite Joints
,” M.S. thesis,
University of Maine
, Orono, ME.
85.
Dharmawan
,
F.
,
Simpson
,
G.
,
Herszberg
,
I.
, and
John
,
S.
, “
Mixed Mode Fracture Toughness of GFRP Composites
,”
Compos. Struct.
, Vol.
75
,
2006
, pp.
328
338
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.04.020
86.
ASTM D6641
,
2001
, “
Standard Test Method for Determining the Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture
,”
Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol.
15.03
,
ASTM International
,
West Conshohocken, PA
, pp.
1
9
.
87.
ASTM D3171
,
2006
, “
Standard Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
,”
Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol.
15.03
,
ASTM International
,
West Conshohocken, PA
, pp.
1
10
.
88.
Li
,
J.
,
Zhang
,
C.
,
Liang
,
R.
,
Wang
,
B.
, and
Walsh
,
S.
, “
Modeling and Analysis of Thickness Gradient and Variations in Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process
,”
Polym. Compos.
, Vol.
29
,
2008
, pp.
473
482
. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.20439
89.
ASTM D2583
,
2004
, “
Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor
,”
Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol.
08.01
,
ASTM International
,
West Conshohocken, PA
, pp.
1
4
.
90.
ASTM International
,
The Composite Materials Handbook, Vol. 1: Polymer Matrix Composites: Guidelines for Characterization of Structural Materials
,
ASTM International
,
West Conshohocken, PA
,
2002
, pp.
29
31
.
91.
Compston
,
P.
and
Jar
,
P. -Y.B.
, “
Comparison of Interlaminar Fracture Toughness in Unidirectional and Woven Roving Marine Composites
,”
Appl. Compos. Mater.
, Vol.
5
,
1998
, pp.
189
206
. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008899628807
92.
Chen
,
B.
and
Chou
,
T.
, “
Compaction of Woven-fabric Preforms: Nesting and Multi-layer Deformation
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
, Vol.
60
,
2000
, pp.
2223
2231
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(00)00017-8
93.
Kotaki
,
M.
and
Hamada
,
H.
, “
Effect of Interfacial Properties and Weave Structure on Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Behavior of Glass Satin Woven Fabric Composites
,”
Composites, Part A
, Vol.
28A
,
1997
, pp.
257
266
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(96)00121-2
94.
Suppakul
,
P.
and
Bandyopadhyay
,
S.
, “
The Effect of Weave Pattern on the Mode-I Interlaminar Fracture Energy of E-glass/Vinyl Ester Composites
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
, Vol.
62
,
2002
, pp.
709
717
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00220-2
95.
Naik
,
N. K.
,
Reddy
,
K. S.
,
Meduri
,
S.
,
Raju
,
N. B.
,
Prasad
,
P. D.
,
Azad
,
S. K. N. M.
,
Ogde
,
P. A.
, and
Reddy
,
B. C. K.
, “
Interlaminar Fracture Characterization for Plain Weave Fabric Composites
,”
J. Mater. Sci.
, Vol.
37
,
2002
, pp.
2983
2987
. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016025232102
96.
Gill
,
A. F.
,
Robinson
,
P.
, and
Pinho
,
S.
, “
Effect of Variation in Fibre Volume Fraction on Modes I and II Delamination Behaviour of 5HS Woven Composites Manufactured by RTM
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
, Vol.
69
,
2009
, pp.
2368
2375
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.02.008
97.
Compston
,
P.
and
Jar
,
P. -Y.B.
, “
The Influence of Fibre Volume Fraction on the Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of a Glass-Fibre/Vinyl Ester Composite
,”
Appl. Compos. Mater.
, Vol.
6
,
1999
, pp.
353
368
. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008973211347
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.