Abstract

Light-emitting diodes (LED) chip scale packages (CSPs) have been promoted as a new light source with many advantages in smaller package size, lower material and process cost, and better heat dissipation effect. However, as it is exposed in harsh environments such as high temperature, high humidity, and high blue light irradiation, silicone material used in LED CSPs always suffers deterioration, which will seriously affect the LED's reliability and working life. Thus, the preparation of high reliable silicone has practical significance to promote the application of LED CSPs in lighting. In this research, titanium was introduced into the molecular chain of phenyl silicone by using the hydrolysis condensation method. A high temperature aging test was then performed to the prepared silicone before and after modification, and their optical, thermomechanical, and dielectric properties were characterized to evaluate their reliabilities. The results show that: (1) the Arrhenius function with the dielectric property as an aging characterization can be used as a temperature accelerated life model to predict the service life of the prepared silicone and (2) the titanium modified silicone can advance the high temperature stability on optical properties, thermomechanical, and dielectric properties and enhance the life expectancy. The major contributions of this study are to support the improvement of the novel LED CSP packaging materials and processes, and also to provide the technical guidance on the fast, accurate, and cost-effective reliability assessment for high-quality LED light sources.

References

1.
Van Driel, W. D., and Fan, X. J., eds.,
2011
,
Solid State Lighting Reliability Part 1: Components to Systems
,
Springer International Publishing, New York.
2.
Van Driel
, W. D.,
Fan
, X. J., and
Zhang
, G. Q., eds.,
2018
,
Solid State Lighting Reliability Part 2: Components to Systems
,
Springer International Publishing, New York.
3.
Fan
,
J. J.
,
Mohamed
,
M. G.
,
Qian
,
C.
,
Fan
,
X. J.
,
Zhang
,
G. Q.
, and
Pecht
,
M.
,
2017
, “
Color Shift Failure Prediction for Phosphor-Converted White LEDs by Modeling Features of Spectral Power Distribution With a Nonlinear Filter Approach
,”
Materials
,
10
(
7
), p.
819
.10.3390/ma10070819
4.
Fan
,
J. J.
,
Yung
,
K. C.
, and
Pecht
,
M.
,
2011
, “
Physics-of-Failure-Based Prognostics and Health Management for High-Power White Light-Emitting Diode Lighting
,”
IEEE Tans. Device Mater. Reliab.
,
11
(
3
), pp.
407
416
.10.1109/TDMR.2011.2157695
5.
Fan
,
J. J.
,
Yu
,
C. H.
,
Qian
,
C.
,
Fan
,
X. J.
, and
Zhang
,
G. Q.
,
2017
, “
Thermal/Luminescence Characterization and Degradation Mechanism Analysis on Phosphor-Converted White LED Chip Scale Packages
,”
Microelectron. Reliab.
,
74
, pp.
179
185
.10.1016/j.microrel.2017.04.012
6.
Mehr
,
M. Y.
,
Van Driel
,
W. D.
,
Jansen
,
K. M. B.
,
Deeben
,
P.
,
Boutelje
,
M.
, and
Zhang
,
G. Q.
,
2013
, “
Photodegradation of Bisphenol a Polycarbonate Under Blue Light Radiation and Its Effect on Optical Properties
,”
Opt. Mater.
,
35
(
3
), pp.
504
508
.10.1016/j.optmat.2012.10.001
7.
Pan
,
Y. J.
,
Zhu
,
F. L.
,
Fan
,
J. J.
,
Tao
,
J. Q.
,
Lin
,
X. X.
,
Wang
,
F. R.
, and
Shi
,
L.
,
2018
, “
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Silicone/Phosphor Composite Used in Light Emitting Diodes Package
,”
Polymers
,
10
(
2
), p.
195
.10.3390/polym10020195
8.
Luo
,
X.
,
Fan
,
J. J.
,
Zhang
,
M. N.
,
Qian
,
C.
,
Fan
,
X. J.
, and
Zhang
,
G. Q.
,
2017
, “
Degradation Mechanism Analysis for Phosphor/Silicone Composites Aged Under High Temperature and High Humidity Condition
,”
18th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology (ICEPT)
, Harbin, China, Aug. 16–19, pp.
1331
1336
.10.1109/ICEPT.2017.8046684
9.
Khalilullah
,
I.
,
Reza
,
T.
,
Chen
,
L. B.
,
Placette
,
M.
,
Mazumde
,
A. K. M.
,
Zhou
,
J.
,
Fan
,
J. J.
,
Qian
,
C.
,
Zhang
,
G. Q.
, and
Fan
,
X. J.
,
2018
, “
In-Situ Characterization of Moisture Absorption and Hygroscopic Swelling of Silicone/Phosphor Composite Film and Epoxy Mold Compound in LED Packaging
,”
Microelectron. Reliab.
,
84
, pp.
208
214
.10.1016/j.microrel.2018.03.025
10.
Crawford
,
M. H.
,
2009
, “
LEDs for Solid-State Lighting: Performance Challenges and Recent Advances
,”
IEEE J. Sel. Top Quant.
,
15
(
4
), pp.
1028
1040
.10.1109/JSTQE.2009.2013476
11.
Chang
,
M. H.
,
Das
,
D.
,
Varde
,
P. V.
, and
Pecht
,
M.
,
2012
, “
Light Emitting Diodes Reliability Review
,”
Microelectron. Reliab.
,
52
(
5
), pp.
762
782
.10.1016/j.microrel.2011.07.063
12.
Huang
,
C. H.
,
Chen
,
K. J.
,
Tsai
,
M. T.
,
Shih
,
M. H.
,
Sun
,
C. W.
,
Lee
,
W.
,
Lin
,
C. C.
, and
Kuo
,
H. C.
,
2015
, “
High-Efficiency and Low Assembly-Dependent Chip-Scale Package for White Light-Emitting Diodes
,”
J. Photonics Energy
,
5
(
1
), p.
057606
.10.1117/1.JPE.5.057606
13.
Chrusciel
,
J. J.
, and
Lesniak
,
E.
,
2015
, “
Modification of Epoxy Resins With Functional Silanes, Polysiloxanes, Silsesquioxanes, Silica and Silicates
,”
Prog. Polym. Sci.
,
41
, pp.
67
121
.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.08.001
14.
Barton
,
D. L.
,
Osinski
,
M.
,
Perlin
,
P.
,
Eliseev
,
P. G.
, and
Lee
,
J.
,
1999
, “
Single-Quantum Well InGaN Green Light Emitting Diode Degradation Under High Electrical Stress
,”
Microelectron. Reliab.
,
39
(
8
), pp.
1219
1227
.10.1016/S0026-2714(99)00010-4
15.
Luo
,
X.
,
Hu
,
R.
,
Liu
,
S.
, and
Wang
,
K.
,
2016
, “
Heat and Fluid Flow in High-Power LED Packaging and Applications
,”
Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.
,
56
, pp.
1
32
.10.1016/j.pecs.2016.05.003
16.
Yang
,
X.
,
Zhao
,
X. J.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Huang
,
W.
, and
Yu
,
Y. Z.
,
2011
, “
Synthesis and Properties of Silphenylene-Containing Epoxy Resins With High UV-Stability
,”
J. Macromol. Sci., Part A
,
48
(
9
), pp.
692
700
.10.1080/10601325.2011.596045
17.
Lei
,
I. A.
,
Lai
,
D. F.
,
Don
,
T. M.
,
Chen
,
W. C.
,
Yu
,
Y. Y.
, and
Chiu
,
W. Y.
,
2014
, “
Silicone Hybrid Materials Useful for the Encapsulation of Light-Emitting Diodes
,”
Mater. Chem. Phys.
,
144
(
1–2
), pp.
41
48
.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.12.009
18.
Li
,
L.
,
Zheng
,
H.
,
Yuan
,
C.
,
Hu
,
R.
, and
Luo
,
X. B.
,
2016
, “
Study on Effective Thermal Conductivity of Silicone/Phosphor Composite and Its Size Effect by Lattice Boltzmann Method
,”
Heat Mass Transfer
,
52
(
12
), pp.
2813
2821
.10.1007/s00231-016-1784-7
19.
Maeng
,
S. R.
, and
Ko
,
S. C.
,
2015
, “
Thermal Characteristics for Chip on Metal Package of LED Lighting Module
,”
Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process.
,
38
, pp.
357
361
.10.1016/j.mssp.2014.11.025
20.
Jeong
,
M. W.
,
Jeon
,
S. W.
,
Lee
,
S. H.
, and
Kim
,
Y. C.
,
2015
, “
Effective Heat Dissipation and Geometric Optimization in an LED Module With Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Insulation Plate
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
76
, pp.
212
219
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.11.027
21.
Shen
,
X.
,
Zhang
,
D. F.
,
Fan
,
X. W.
,
Hu
,
G. S.
,
Bian
,
X. B.
, and
Yang
,
L.
,
2016
, “
Fabrication and Characterization of YAG:Ce Phosphor Films for White LED Applications
,”
J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron.
,
27
(
1
), pp.
976
981
.10.1007/s10854-015-3841-2
22.
Zhang
,
Y. B.
,
Xu
,
J. W.
,
Ding
,
M. D.
,
Zhao
,
D. S.
,
Huang H
,
J.
,
Lu
,
G. J.
,
Miao
,
Z. L.
,
Qi
,
Y. D.
,
Zhang
,
B. S.
, and
Cai
,
Y.
,
2016
, “
Wafer-Level Light Emitting Diode (WL-LED) Chip Simplified Package for Very-High Power Solid-State Lighting (SSL) Source
,”
IEEE Electron Device Lett.
,
37
(
2
), pp.
197
200
.10.1109/LED.2015.2509462
23.
Zhao
,
X. J.
,
Cai
,
Y. X.
,
Wang
,
J.
,
Li
,
X. H.
, and
Zhang
,
C.
,
2015
, “
Thermal Model Design and Analysis of the High-Power LED Automotive Headlight Cooling Device
,”
Appl. Therm. Eng.
,
75
, pp.
248
258
.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.09.066
24.
Kim
,
J. S.
,
Yang
,
S.
, and
Bae
,
B. S.
,
2010
, “
Thermally Stable Transparent Sol-Gel Based Siloxane Hybrid Material With High Refractive Index for Light Emitting Diode (LED) Encapsulation
,”
Chem. Mater.
,
22
(
11
), pp.
3549
3555
.10.1021/cm100903b
25.
O'brien
,
S.
,
Copuroglu
,
M.
, and
Crean
,
G. M.
,
2007
, “
Effects of Refractive Index Modifiers and UV Light on an Epoxy-Functional Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Sol-Gel Derived Thin Film System
,”
Appl. Surf. Sci.
,
253
(
19
), pp.
7969
7972
.10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.202
26.
Zhang
,
S. U.
,
2015
, “
Quantification of Silicone Degradation for LED Packages Using Finite Element Analysis
,”
Microelectron. Reliab.
,
55
(
12
), pp.
2678
2684
.10.1016/j.microrel.2015.09.006
27.
Fan
,
J.
,
Zhang
,
M.
,
Luo
,
X.
,
Qian
,
C.
,
Fan
,
X.
,
Ji
,
A.
, and
Zhang
,
G.
,
2017
, “
Phosphor-Silicone Interaction Effects in High Power White Light Emitting Diode Packages
,”
J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron.
,
28
(
23
), pp.
17557
17569
.10.1007/s10854-017-7692-x
28.
Huang
,
J. L.
,
Golubovic
,
D. S.
,
Koh
,
S.
,
Yang
,
D. G.
,
Li
,
X. P.
,
Fan
,
X. J.
, and
Zhang
,
G. Q.
,
2016
, “
Degradation Mechanism Decoupling of Mid-Power White-Light LEDs by SPD Simulation
,”
IEEE Trans. Electron Device
,
63
(
7
), pp.
2807
2814
.10.1109/TED.2016.2565709
29.
Yang
,
S. C.
,
Lin
,
P.
,
Wang
,
C. P.
,
Huang
,
S. B.
,
Chen
,
C. L.
,
Chiang
,
P. F.
,
Lee
,
A. T.
, and
Chu
,
M. T.
,
2010
, “
Failure and Degradation Mechanisms of High-Power White Light Emitting Diodes
,”
Microelectron. Reliab.
,
50
(
7
), pp.
959
964
.10.1016/j.microrel.2010.03.007
30.
Wang
,
J. S.
,
Tsai
,
C. C.
,
Liou
,
J. S.
,
Cheng
,
W. C.
,
Huang
,
S. Y.
,
Chang
,
G. H.
, and
Cheng
,
W. H.
,
2012
, “
Mean-Time-to-Failure Evaluations of Encapsulation Materials for LED Package in Accelerated Thermal Tests
,”
Microelectron. Reliab.
,
52
(
5
), pp.
813
817
.10.1016/j.microrel.2011.07.057
31.
Singh
,
P.
,
Tan
,
C. M.
, and
Chang
,
L. B.
,
2016
, “
Early Degradation of High Power Packaged LEDs Under Humid Conditions and Its Recovery—Myth of Reliability Rejuvenation
,”
Microelectron. Reliab.
,
61
, pp.
145
153
.10.1016/j.microrel.2015.12.036
32.
Mehr
,
M. Y.
,
Van Driel
,
W. D.
,
Jansen
,
K. M. B.
,
Deeben
,
P.
, and
Zhang
,
G. Q.
,
2014
, “
Lifetime Assessment of Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate (BPA-PC) Plastic Lens, Used in LED-Based Products
,”
Microelectron. Reliab.
,
54
(
1
), pp.
138
142
.10.1016/j.microrel.2013.09.009
33.
Mehr
,
M. Y.
,
Van Driel
,
W. D.
, and
Zhang
,
G. Q.
,
2018
, “
Reliability and Lifetime Assessment of Optical Materials in LED-Based Products
,”
Solid State Light. Technol.
,
3
, pp.
115
139
.10.1007/978-3-319-58175-0_5
34.
Mehr
,
M. Y.
,
Van Driel
,
W.
,
De Buyl
,
F.
, and
Zhang
,
K.
,
2018
, “
Study on the Degradation of Optical Silicone Exposed to Harsh Environments
,”
Materials
,
11
(
8
), p.
1305
.10.3390/ma11081305
35.
Lu
,
G. J.
,
Mehr
,
M. Y.
,
Van Driel
,
W. D.
,
Fan
,
X. J.
,
Fan
,
J. J.
,
Jansen
,
K. M. B.
, and
Zhang
,
G. Q.
,
2015
, “
Color Shift Investigations for LED Secondary Optical Designs: Comparison Between BPA-PC and PMMA
,”
Opt. Mater.
,
45
, pp.
37
41
.10.1016/j.optmat.2015.03.005
36.
Lu
,
G. J.
,
Van Driel
,
W. D.
,
Fan
,
X. J.
,
Mehr
,
M. Y.
,
Fan
,
J. J.
,
Qian
,
C.
,
Jansen
,
K. M. B.
, and
Zhang
,
G. Q.
,
2016
, “
Colour Shift and Mechanism Investigation on the PMMA Diffuser Used in LED-Based Luminaires
,”
Opt. Mater.
,
54
, pp.
282
287
.10.1016/j.optmat.2016.02.023
37.
Chen
,
Q.
,
Chen
,
Q.
, and
Luo
,
X.
,
2014
, “
Note: An Online Testing Method for Lifetime Projection of High Power Light-Emitting Diode Under Accelerated Reliability Test
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
,
85
(
9
), p.
096111
.10.1063/1.4896352
38.
Fan
,
J.
,
Yung
,
K. C.
, and
Pecht
,
M.
,
2012
, “
Lifetime Estimation of High-Power White LED Using Degradation-Data-Driven Method
,”
IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Reliab.
,
12
(
2
), pp.
470
477
.10.1109/TDMR.2012.2190415
39.
He
,
C. X.
,
Zeng
,
W. T.
,
Gao
,
X.
,
Zhao
,
H. J.
,
Gui
,
D. Y.
, and
Liu
,
J. H.
,
2012
, “
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Addition Silicone Resin for High Power LED Packaging
,” IEEE
International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology and High Density Packaging
, Guilin, China, Aug.
13
16
.10.1109/ICEPT-HDP.2012.6474609
40.
Karstedt
,
B.
,
1973
, “
Platinum-Vinylsiloxanes
,” U.S. Patent No. 3715334, 1973-02-06.
41.
Karstedt
,
B.
,
1973
, “
Platinum Complexes of Unsaturated Siloxanes and Platinum Containing Organopolysiloxanes
,” U.S. Patent No. 3775452, 1973-11-27.
42.
Reingruber
,
E.
,
Himmelsbach
,
M.
,
Sauer
,
C.
, and
Buchberger
,
W.
,
2010
, “
Identification of Degradation Products of Antioxidants in Polyolefins by Liquid Chromatography Combined With Atmospheric Pressure Photoionisation Mass Spectrometry
,”
Polym. Degrad. Stab.
,
95
(
5
), pp.
740
745
.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.02.015
43.
Uma
,
B.
,
Murugesan
,
K. S.
,
Krishnan
,
S.
,
Jerome Das
,
S.
, and
Milton Boaz
,
B.
,
2013
, “
Optical and Dielectric Studies on Organic Nonlinear Optical 2-Furoic Acid Single Crystals
,”
Optik
,
124
(
17
), pp.
2754
2757
.10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.08.075
You do not currently have access to this content.