The field of computational design synthesis has been an active area of research for almost half a century. Research advances in this field have increased the sophistication and complexity of the designs that can be synthesized, and advances in the speed and power of computers have increased the efficiency with which those designs can be generated. Some of the results of this research have begun to be used in industrial practice, yet many open issues and research challenges remain. This paper provides a model of the automated synthesis process as a context to discuss research in the area. The varied works of the authors are discussed as representative of the breadth of methods and results that exist under the field of computational design synthesis. Furthermore, some guidelines are presented to help researchers and designers find approaches to solving their particular design problems using computational design synthesis.
1.
Simon
, H. A.
, 1993, “A Very Early Expert System
,” Anecdotes, IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput.
0164-1239, 15
, No. 3
, pp. 63
–68
.2.
Simon
, H. A.
, 1969, The Science of the Artificial
, MIT Press
, Cambridge, MA.3.
Howe
, A. E.
, Cohen
, P. R.
, Dixon
, J. R.
, and Simmons
, M. K.
, 1986, “DOMINIC: A Domain-Independent Program for Mechanical Engineering Design
,” Artif. Intell. Eng.
0954-1810, 1
(1
), pp. 289
–299
.4.
Mittal
, S.
, and Dym
, C. L.
, 1986, “PRIDE: An Expert System for the Design of Paper Handling Systems
,” IEEE Computers
, 19
, No. 7
, pp. 102
–114
.5.
Antonsson
, E. K.
, and Cagan
, J.
, eds., 2001, Formal Engineering Design Synthesis
, Cambridge University Press
, Cambridge, UK.6.
Chakrabarti
, A.
, ed., 2002, Engineering Design Synthesis: Understanding, Approaches and Tools
, Springer-Verlag
, London.7.
Campbell
, M. I.
, 2000, “A-Design: An Agent-Based Conceptual Design Methodology
,” Ph.D. dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.8.
Campbell
, M.
, and Rai
, R.
, 2003, “A Generalization of Computational Synthesis Methods in Engineering Design
,” AAAI Spring Symposium Series
, March 26–28, AAAI Press
, Palo Alto, CA.9.
Engineous, 2005, http:∕∕www.engineous.com∕http:∕∕www.engineous.com∕
10.
Multistat, 2005, http:∕∕www.multistat.com∕http:∕∕www.multistat.com∕
11.
Pahl
, G.
, and Beitz
, W.
, 1988, Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach
, Springer-Verlag
, Berlin.12.
Stone
, R.
, and Wood
, K.
, 2000, “Development of a Functional Basis for Design
,” J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 122
(4
), pp. 359
–370
.13.
Karnopp
, D.
, and Rosenberg
, R.
, 1975, System Dynamics: A United Approach
, Wiley
, New York.14.
Paynter
, H. M.
, 1961, Analysis and Design of Engineering Systems
, MIT Press
, Cambridge, MA.15.
Bracewell
, R. H.
, and Sharpe
, J. E. E.
, 1996, “Functional Descriptions Used in Computer Support for Qualitative Scheme Generation: Schemebuilder
,” Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf.
0890-0604, 10
, No. 4
, pp. 333
–346
.16.
de Kleer
, J.
, 1985, “How Circuits Work
,” in D. G.
Bobrow
, ed., Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems
, MIT Press
, Cambridge, MA, pp. 205
–280
.17.
Iwasaki
, Y.
, Fikes
, R.
, Vescovi
, M.
, and Chandrasekaran
, B.
, 1993, “How Things Are Intended to Work: Capturing Functional Knowledge in Device Design
,” in Proceedings of the International Joint Conference AI
, AAAI Press
, Menlo Park, CA, pp. 1516
–1522
.18.
Bhatta
, S.
, Goel
, A.
, and Prabhakar
, S.
, 1994, “Innovation in Analogical Design: A Model-Based Approach
,” Proceedings of the AI in Design
, Kluwer Academic
, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 57
–74
.19.
Umeda
, Y.
, Tomiyama
, T.
, and Yoshikawa
, H.
, 1990, “Function, Behaviour and Structure
,” in Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Engineering V
, Gero
, J. S.
, ed., Computational Mechanics Publications and Springer-Verlag
, Berlin, pp. 177
–193
.20.
Umeda
, Y.
, Ishii
, M.
, Yoshioka
, M.
, Shimomura
, Y.
, and Tomiyama
, T.
, 1996, “Supporting Conceptual Design based on the Function-Behavior-State Modeler
,” Artif. Intell. Eng.
0954-1810, 10
, No. 4
, pp. 275
–288
.21.
Yoshioka
, M.
, Umeda
, Y.
, Takeda
, H.
, Shimomura
, Y.
, Nomaguchi
, Y.
, and Tomiyama
, T.
, 2004, “Physical Concept Ontology for the Knowledge Intensive Engineering Framework
,” Adv. Eng. Inf.
1474-0346, 18
, No. 2
, pp. 69
–127
.22.
Forbus
, K.
, 1984, “Qualitative Process Theory
,” Artif. Intell.
0004-3702, 24
, No. 3
, pp. 85
–168
.23.
Ishii
, M.
, and Tomiyama
, T.
, 1996, “A Synthetic Reasoning Method Based on a Physical Phenomenon Knowledge Base
,” in AI System Support for Conceptual Design
, Sharpe
, J.
, ed., Springer-Verlag
, Berlin, pp. 109
–123
.24.
Schmidt
, L. C.
, Shetty
, H.
, and Chase
, S.
, 2000, “A Graph Grammar Approach for Structure Synthesis of Mechanisms
,” J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 122
, pp. 357
–383
.25.
Allaire
, G.
, Jouve
, F.
, Maillot
, H.
, 2004, “Topology Optimization for Minimum Stress Design with the Homogenization Method
,” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim.
1615-147X, 28
, pp. 87
–98
.26.
Seshu
, S.
, Reed
, M. B.
, 1961, Linear Graphs and Electrical Networks
, Addison-Wesley
.27.
Jagadeesh
, G. R.
, Srikanthan
, T.
, and Quek
, K. H.
, 2002, “Heuristic Techniques for Accelerating Hierarchical Routing on Road Networks
,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst.
1524-9050, 3
(4
), pp. 301
–309
.28.
Emmerich
, M.
, Grötzner
, M.
, and Schütz
, M.
, 2001, “Design of Graph-Based Evolutionary Algorithms: A Case Study for Chemical Process Networks
.” Evol. Comput.
1063-6560, 9
, No. 3
, pp. 329
–354
.29.
Stiny
, G.
, 1980, “Introduction to Shape and Shape Grammars
,” Environ. Plann. B
0308-2164, 7
, pp. 343
–351
.30.
Finger
, S.
, and Rinderle
, J.
, 1989, “A Transformational Approach to Mechanical Design Using a Bond Graph Grammar
,” in Proceedings of the First ASME Design Theory and Methodology Conference
, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
, Montreal.31.
Soman
, A.
, and Campbell
, M. I.
, 2002, “A Grammar-Based Approach to Sheet Metal Design
,” ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences
, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, October 1–3, DAC02-34087.32.
Schmidt
, L. C.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 1998, “Optimal Configuration Design: An Integrated Approach Using Grammars
,” J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 120
, pp. 2
–9
.33.
Schmidt
, L. C.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 1997, “GGREADA: A Graph Grammar-Based Machine Design Algorithm
,” Res. Eng. Des.
0934-9839, 9
, No. 4
, pp. 195
–213
.34.
Stiny
, G.
, 1977, “Ice-Ray: A Note on the Generation of Chinese Lattice Designs
,” Environ. Plann. B
0308-2164, 4
, pp. 89
–98
.35.
Stiny
, G.
, and Mitchell
, W. J.
, 1978, “The Palladian Grammar
,” Environ. Plann. B
0308-2164, 5
, pp. 5
–18
.36.
Stiny
, G.
, and Gips
, J.
, 1980, “Production Systems and Grammars: a Uniform Characterization
,” Environ. Plann. B
0308-2164, 7
, pp. 399
–408
.37.
Koning
, H.
, and Eizenberg
, J.
, 1981, “The Language of the Prairie: Frank Lloyd Wright’s Prairie Houses
,” Environ. Plann. B
0308-2164, 8
, pp. 295
–323
.38.
Cagan
, J.
, 2001, “Engineering Shape Grammars: Where Have We Been and Where are We Going?
” in Formal Engineering Design Synthesis
, Antonsson
, E. K.
, and Cagan
, J.
, eds., Cambridge University Press
, Cambridge, UK.39.
Lawrence
, C. T.
, and Tits
, A. L.
, 2001, “A Computationally Efficient Feasible Sequential Quadratic Programming Algorithm
,” SIAM J. Optim.
1052-6234, 11
, No. 4
, pp. 1092
–1118
.40.
Kirkpatrick
, S.
, Gelatt
, C. D.
, Jr., and Vecchi
, M. P.
, 1983, “Optimization by Simulated Annealing
,” Science
0036-8075, 220
, pp. 671
–679
.41.
Nelder
, J. A.
, and Mead
, R.
, 1965, “A Simplex Method for Function Minimization
.” Comput. J.
0010-4620, 7
, pp. 308
–313
.42.
Wright
, M. H.
, 1996, “Direct Search Methods: Once Scorned, Now Respectable
.” in Numerical Analysis 1995, Papers from the Sixteenth Dundee Biennial Conference held at the University of Dundee
, Dundee, June 27–30, 1995, Griffiths
, D. F.
, and Watson
, G. A.
eds., Longman
, Harlow, London, pp. 191
–208
.43.
Holland
, J. H.
, 1992, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems
, 2nd ed., MIT Press
, Cambridge, MA.44.
Goldberg
, D. E.
, 1989, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning
, Addison-Wesley
, Reading, MA.45.
Talukdar
, S.
, Baerentzen
, L.
, Gove
, A.
, and de Souza
, P.
, 1998, “Asynchronous Teams: Cooporation Schemes for Autonomous Agents
,” J. Heuristics
1381-1231, 4
, pp. 295
–321
.46.
Campbell
, M.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Kotovsky
, K.
, 1999, “A-Design: An Agent-Based Approach to Conceptual Design in a Dynamic Environment
,” Res. Eng. Des.
0934-9839, 11
, pp. 172
–192
.47.
Olson
, J.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 2004, “Inter-Agent Ties in Computational Configuration Design
,” Artif. Intell. Eng.
0954-1810, 18
, No. 2
, pp. 135
–152
.48.
Sims
, K.
, 1994, “Evolving 3D Morphology and Behavior by Competition
,” Artificial Life IV Proceedings
, eds. Brooks & Maes, MIT Press
, pp. 28
–39
.49.
Maher
, M. L.
, Gero
, J. S.
, Smith
, G.
, and Gu
, N.
, 2003, “Cognitive Agents in 3D Virtual Worlds
,” International Journal of Design Computing
, Vol. 6
, http:∕∕www.arch.usyd.edu.au∕kcdc∕journal∕vol6http:∕∕www.arch.usyd.edu.au∕kcdc∕journal∕vol650.
Brown
, K. N.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 1997, “Optimized Process Planning by Generative Simulated Annealing
,” Artif. Intell. Eng.
0954-1810, 11
, pp. 219
–235
.51.
Campbell
, M. I.
, Amon
, C. H.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 1997, “Optimal Three-Dimensional Placement of Heat Generating Electronic Components
,” ASME J. Electron. Packag.
1043-7398, 119
, No. 2
, pp. 106
–113
.52.
Mitchell
, T. M.
, 1997, Machine Learning
, McGraw-Hill
, New York.53.
Glover
, F.
, 1989, “Tabu Search-Part 1
,” ORSA J. Comput.
0899-1499, 1
, No. 3
, pp. 190
–206
.54.
Koza
, J. R.
, Keane
, M. A.
, Bennett
, F. H.
, Yu
, J.
, Mydlowec
, W.
, and Stiffelman
, O.
, 1999, “Automatic Creation Of Both The Topology And Parameters For A Robust Controller By Means Of Genetic Programming
,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control
, Intelligent Systems and Semiotics
, pp. 344
–352
.55.
White
, P. J.
, Kopanski
, K.
, and Lipson
, H.
, 2004, “Stochastic Self-Reconfigurable Cellular Robotics
,” IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation
(ICRA04), pp. 2888
–2893
.56.
Peysakhov
, M.
, and Regli
, W. C.
, 2003, “Using Assembly Representations to Enable Evolutionary Design of Lego Structures
,” Artif. Intell. Eng.
0954-1810, 17
, No. 2
, pp. 155
–168
.57.
Shea
, K.
, Fest
, E.
, and Smith
, I. F. C.
, 2002, “Developing Intelligent Tensegrity Structures With Stochastic Search
,” Adv. Eng. Inf.
1474-0346, 16
, No. 1
, pp. 21
–40
.58.
Hu
, J.
, and Goodman
, E.
, 2004, “Wireless Access Point Configuration by Genetic Programming
,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation
.59.
Kollata
, E.
, King
, C. W.
, Campbell
, M. I.
, 2004, “Design Synthesis of Multistable Compliant Structures
,” 10th AIAA∕ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference
, AIAA-2004–4415, August 30–September 1, Albany, NY.60.
Houck
, C.
, Joines
, J.
, and Kay
, M.
, 1995, “A Genetic Algorithm for Function Optimization: A Matlab Implementation
,” North Carolina Technical Report No. NCSU-IE TR 95-09.61.
Dixit
, N.
, Campbell
, M. I.
, 2005, “Automated Synthesis of Bi-stable Compliant Relays
,” 1st AIAA Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Specialist Conference
. Paper No. AIAA-200–5–2136, Austin, TX, April 18–21.62.
Campbell
, M.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Kotovsky
, K.
, 2000, “Agent-based Synthesis of Electro-Mechanical Design Configurations
,” J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 122
, No. 1
pp. 61
–69
.63.
Deshpande
, S.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 2004, “An Agent Based Optimization Approach to Manufacturing Process Planning
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 126
, No. 1
, pp. 46
–55
.64.
Moss
, J.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Kotovsky
, K.
, 2004, “Learning from Design Experience in an Agent-Based Design System
,” Res. Eng. Des.
0934-9839, 15
, pp. 77
–92
.65.
Szykman
, S.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 1995, “A Simulated Annealing-Based Approach to Three-Dimensional Component Packing
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 117
, No. 2(A)
, pp. 308
–314
.66.
Cagan
, J.
, Shimada
, K.
, and Yin
, S.
, 2002, “A Survey of Computational Approaches to Three-dimensional Layout Problems
,” Comput.-Aided Des.
0010-4485, 34
, No. 8
, pp. 597
–611
.67.
Dowsland
, K. A.
, and Dowsland
, W. B.
, 1992, “Packing Problems
,” Eur. J. Oper. Res.
0377-2217, 56
, pp. 2
–14
.68.
Kim
, J. J.
, and Gossard
, D. C.
, 1991, “Reasoning on the Location of Components for Assembly Packaging
,” J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 113
, pp. 402
–407
.69.
Landon
, M. D.
, and Balling
, R. J.
, 1994, “Optimal Packaging of Complex Parametric Solids According to Mass Property Criteria
,” J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 116
, pp. 375
–381
.70.
Ikonen
, I.
, Biles
, W.
, Kumar
, A.
, Ragade
, R. K.
, and Wissel
, J. C.
, 1997, “A Genetic Algorithm for Packing Three-Dimensional Non-Convex Objects Having Cavities and Holes
,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
, Michigan State University
, East Lansing, MI, 1997.71.
Grignon
, P.
, Wodziak
, J.
, and Fadel
, G. M.
, 1996, “Bi-Objective Optimization of Components Packing Using a Genetic Algorithm
,” AIAA-96-4022-CP, pp. 352
–362
, paper presented at the NASA∕AIAA∕ISSMO Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization Conference, Seattle, WA, September.72.
Wong
, D. F.
, Leong
, H. W.
, and Liu
, C. L.
, 1988, Simulated Annealing for VLSI Design
, Kluwer Academic
, Boston.73.
Jajodia
, S.
, Minis
, I.
, Harhalakis
, G.
, and Proth
, J. M.
, 1992, “CLASS: Computerized Layout Solutions Using Simulated Annealing
,” Int. J. Prod. Res.
0020-7543, 30
, pp. 95
–108
.74.
Dickinson
, J. K.
, and Knopf
, G. K.
, 1998, “Serial Packing of Arbitrary 3D Objects for Optimizing Layered Manufacturing
,” in SPIE Conference on Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XVII: Algorithms, Techniques and Active Vision, Boston, MA.75.
Szykman
, S.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 1997, “Constrained Three Dimensional Component Layout Using Simulated Annealing
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 119
, No. 1
, pp. 28
–35
.76.
Dai
, Z.
, and Cha
, J.
, 1994, “A Hybrid Approach of Heuristic and Neural Network for Packing Problems
,” Advances in Design Automation 1994: Proceedings of the 20th ASME Design Automation Conference
, 2
, pp. 117
–123
.77.
Yin
, S.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 2000, “An Extended Pattern Search Algorithm for Three-Dimensional Component Layout
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 122
, No. 1
, pp. 102
–108
.78.
Hooke
, R.
, and Jeeves
, T. A.
, 1961, “Direct Search Solution of Numerical and Statistical Problems
,” J. Assoc. Comput. Mach.
0004-5411, 8
(2
), pp. 212
–229
.79.
Torczon
, V.
, and Trosset
, M.
, 1997, “From Evolutionary Operation to Parallel Direct Search: Pattern Search Algorithms for Numerical Optimization
,” Computing Science and Statistics
, 29
, No. 1
, pp. 396
–401
.80.
Yin
, S.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 2003, “Exploring the Effectiveness of Various Patterns in an Extended Pattern Search Layout Algorithm
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 126
, No. 1
, pp. 22
–28
.81.
Aladahalli
, C.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Shimada
, K.
, 2002, “A Sensitivity-Based Pattern Search Algorithm for 3D Component Layout
,” in Proceedings of the 2002 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences: Design Automation Conference, DAC-34123
, September 29–October 3, Montreal
, Canada.82.
Aladahalli
, C.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Shimada
, K.
, 2004, “Objective Function Based Pattern Search: A Computationally Efficient Algorithm For 3D Component Layout
,” 2004 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences: Design Automation Conference
, DAC-57429, September 28–October 2, Salt Lake City, UT.83.
Kolli
, A.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Rutenbar
, R.
, 1996, “Packing of Generic, Three-Dimensional Components Based on Multi-Resolution Modeling
,” in Proceedings of the 1996 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference: Design Automation Conference, 96-DETC∕DAC-1479
, Irvine
, CA, August 18–22.84.
Cagan
, J.
, Kolli
, A.
, Szykman
, S.
, and Rutenbar
, R.
, 1998, “Method of Optimizing Component Layout Using a Hierarchical Series of Models
,” United States Patent No. 5 825 660, issued October 20.85.
Ding
, Q.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 2003, “Automated Trunk Packing with Extended Pattern Search
,” in Proceedings of the 2003 SAE Technical Conferences 03ANNUAL-55
, March, Detroit.86.
Aladahalli
, C.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Shimada
, K.
, 2003, “Minimum Height Packing for Layered Manufacturing Using an Extended Pattern Search Algorithm
,” in Proceedings of the 2003 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences: Design for Manufacturing Conference, DFM-48164
, September 2–6, Chicago.87.
Stiny
, G.
, and Mitchell
, W. J.
, 1980, “The Grammar of Paradise: on the Generation of Mughul Gardens
,” Environ. Plann. B
0308-2164, 7
, pp. 209
–226
.88.
Agarwal
, M.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 1998, “A Blend of Different Tastes: The Language of Coffee Makers
,” Environ. Plan. B: Plan. Des.
0265-8135, 25
, No. 2
, pp. 205
–226
.89.
Brown
, K. N.
, McMahon
, C. A.
, and Sims
, Williams J. H.
, , 1994, “A Formal Language for the Design of Manufacturable Objects
,” Formal Design Methods for CAD (B-18)
, J. S.
Gero
, and E.
Tyugu
, eds., North-Holland
, Amsterdam, pp. 135
–155
.90.
Shea
, K.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 1997, “Innovative Dome Design: Applying Geodesic Patterns with Shape Annealing
,” Artif. Intell. Eng.
0954-1810, 11
, pp. 379
–394
.91.
Agarwal
, M.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Stiny
, G.
, 2000, “A Micro Language: Generating MEMS Resonators Using a Coupled Form-Function Shape Grammar
,” Environ. Plan. B: Plan. Des.
0265-8135, 27
, pp. 615
–626
.92.
McCormack
, J. P.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 2002, “Designing Inner Hood Panels Through a Shape Grammar-based Framework
,” Artif. Intell. Eng.
0954-1810, 16
, pp. 273
–290
.93.
Pugliese
, M.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 2002, “Capturing a Rebel: Modeling the Harley-Davidson Brand through a Motorcycle Shape Grammar
,” Res. Eng. Des.
0934-9839, 13
, No. 3
, pp. 139
–156
.94.
McCormack
, J. P.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Vogel
, C. M.
, 2004, “Speaking the Buick Language: Capturing, Understanding and Exploring Brand Identity with Shape Grammars
,” Des. Stud.
0142-694X, 25
, pp. 1
–29
.95.
Shea
, K.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Fenves
, S. J.
, 1997, “A Shape Annealing Approach to Optimal Truss Design with Dynamic Grouping of Members
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
1050-0472, 119
, No. 3
, pp. 388
–394
.96.
Hustin
, S.
, 1988, “Tim, A New Standard Cell Placement Program Based on the Simulated Annealing Algorithm
,” Master of Science, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.97.
Shea
, K.
, and Smith
, I.
, 1999, “Applying Shape Annealing to Full-Scale Transmission Tower Re-Design
” ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences, Las Vegas, NV, USA, DETC99∕DAC-8681, 1
–9
.98.
Shea
, K.
, and Zhao
, X.
, 2004, “A Novel Noon Mark Cantilever Support: From Design Generation to Realization
,” in IASS 2004: Shell and Spatial Structures from Models to Realization, Montpellier, France.99.
McCormack
, J. P.
, and Cagan
, J.
, 2002, “Supporting Designer’s Hierarchies Through Parametric Shape Recognition
,” Environ. Plan. B: Plan. Des.
0265-8135, 29
, pp. 913
–931
.100.
Campbell
, M.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Kotovsky
, K.
, 2003, “The A-Design Approach to Managing Automated Design Synthesis
,” Res. Eng. Des.
0934-9839, 14
, No. 1
, pp. 12
–14
.101.
Wind
, J.
, and Rangaswamy
, A.
, 2000, “Customerization: The Next Revolution in Mass Customization
,” eBusiness Research Center, Pennsylvania State University.102.
McDermott
, J.
, 1982, “R1: A Rule-Based Configurer of Computer Systems
,” Artif. Intell.
0004-3702, 19
, No. 1
, pp. 39
–88
.103.
McDermott
, J.
, 1993: “R1 (‘XCON’) at Age 12: Lessons from an Elementary School Achiever
,” Artif. Intell.
0004-3702, 59
, No. 1–2
, pp. 241
–247
.104.
Taylor
, R.
, Terwiesch
, C.
, and Ulrich
, K. T.
, 2005, “User Design of Customized Products
,” in Marketing Science (http:∕∕grace.wharton.upenn.edu∕~terwiesch∕p1.pdfhttp:∕∕grace.wharton.upenn.edu∕~terwiesch∕p1.pdf) (to be published).105.
Szykman
, S.
, Fenves
, S.
, Keirouz
, W.
, and Shooter
, S.
, 2001, “A Foundation for Interoperability in Next-Generation Product Development Systems
,” J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Des.
0920-654X, 33
, pp. 545
–559
.Copyright © 2005
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
