The constitutive behavior of bovine scleral and corneal tissues is measured in tension and compression, at quasi-static and moderate strain rates. Experiments are conducted at strain rates up to about 50 strain per second by a pneumatic testing system developed to overcome noise and measurement difficulties associated with the time dependent test of low impedance materials. Results for the tissues at room and the natural bovine body temperatures are similar and indicate that ocular tissue exhibits nonlinear stiffening for increasing strain rates, a phenomena termed rate hardening. For example, at a tensile strain rate of 29/s, corneal tissue is found to develop 10 times the stress that it does quasi-statically at the same strain. Thus, conventional constitutive models will grossly underpredict stresses occurring in the corneo-scleral shell due to moderate dynamic events. This has implication to the accuracy of ocular injury models, the study of the stress field in the corneo-scleral shell for glaucoma research and tonometry measurements. The measured data at various strain rates is represented using the general framework of a constitutive model that has been used to represent biological tissue mechanical data. Here it is extended to represent the measured data of the ocular tissues over the range of tested strain rates. Its form allows for straightforward incorporation in various numerical codes. The experimental and analytical methods developed here are felt to be applicable to the test of human ocular tissue.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Manoogian
, S. J.
, Bisplinghoff
, J. A.
, Mcnally
, C.
, Kemper
, A. R.
, Santago
, A. C.
, and Duma
, S. M.
, 2009, “Effect of Strain Rate on the Tensile Material Properties of Human Placenta
,” ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
, 131
(9
), pp. 091008
-1-091008-6
.2.
Elsheikh
, A.
, Geraghty
, B.
, Alhasso
, D.
, Knappett
, J.
, Campanelli
, M.
, and Rama
, P.
, 2010, “Regional Variation in the Biomechanical Properties of the Human Sclera
,” Exp. Eye Res.
, 90
(5
), pp. 624
–633
.3.
Elsheikh
, A.
, and Alhasso
, D.
, 2009, “Mechanical Anisotropy of Porcine Cornea and Correlation With Stromal Microstructure
,” Exp. Eye Res.
, 88
(6
), pp. 1084
–1091
.4.
Bisplinghoff
, J. A.
, Mcnally
, C.
, and Duma
, S. M.
, 2009, “High-Rate Internal Pressurization of Human Eyes to Predict Globe Rupture
,” Arch. Ophthalmol.
, 127
(4
), pp. 520
–523
.5.
Bisplinghoff
, J. A.
, Mcnally
, C.
, Brozoski
, F. T.
, and Duma
, S. M.
, 2008, “Dynamic Material Property Measurements of Human Eyes
,” Biomed. Sci. Instrum.
, 44
, pp. 177
–182
.6.
Boyce
, B. L.
, Jones
, R. E.
, Nguyen
, T. D.
, and Grazier
, J. M.
, 2007, “Stress-Controlled Viscoelastic Tensile Response of Bovine Cornea
,” J. Biomech.
, 40
(11
), pp. 2367
–2376
.7.
Stitzel
, J. D.
, Duma
, S. M.
, Cormier
, J. M.
, and Herring
, I. P.
, 2002, “A Nonlinear Finite Element Model of the Eye With Experimental Validation for the Prediction of the Globe Rupture
,” Stapp Car Crash J.
, 46
, pp. 81
–102
.8.
Bisplinghoff
, J. A.
, Mcnally
, C.
, Manoogian
, S. J.
, and Duma
, S. M.
, 2009, “Dynamic Material Properties of the Human Sclera
,” J. Biomech.
, 42
(10
), pp. 1493
–1497
.9.
Hoeltzel
, D. A.
, Altman
, P.
, Buzard
, K.
, and Choe
, K. I.
, 1992, “Strip Extensiometry for Comparison of the Mechanical Response of Bovine, Rabbit, and Human Corneas
,” J. Biomech. Eng.
, 114
(2
), pp. 202
–215
.10.
Elsheikh
, A.
, Alhasso
, D.
, and Rama
, P.
, 2008, “Biomechanical Properties of Human and Porcine Corneas
,” Exp. Eye Res.
, 86
(5
), pp. 783
–790
.11.
Friberg
, T. R.
, and Lace
, J. W.
, 1988, “A Comparison of the Elastic Properties of Human Choroid and Sclera
,” Exp. Eye Res.
, 47
(3
), pp. 429
–436
.12.
Downs
, J. C.
, Suh
, J. K. F.
, Thomas
, K. A.
, Bellezza
, A. J.
, Hart
, R. T.
, and Burgoyne
, C. F.
, 2005, “Viscoelastic Material Properties of the Peripapillary Sclera in Normal and Early-Glaucoma Monkey Eyes
,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci.
, 46
(2
), pp. 540
–546
.13.
Downs
, J. C.
, Suh
, J. K. F.
, Thomas
, K. A.
, Bellezza
, A. J.
, Burgoyne
, C. F.
, and Hart
, R. T.
, 2003, “Viscoelastic Characterization of Peripapillary Sclera: Material Properties by Quadrant in Rabbit and Monkey Eyes
,” ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
, 125
(1
), pp. 124
–131
.14.
Kim
, W.
, and Argento
, A.
, 2010, “High Strain Rate Behavior of Ocular Tissues
,” Materials Science and Technology 2010 Conference and Exhibition
, Houston, TX, Electronic Proceedings.15.
Gautieri
, A.
, Buehler
, M. J.
, and Redaelli
, A.
, 2009, “Deformation Rate Controls Elasticity and Unfolding Pathway of Single Tropocollagen Molecules
,” J. Mech. Behavior Biomed. Mater.
, 2
(2
), pp. 130
–137
.16.
Buehler
, M. J.
, Keten
, S.
, and Ackbarow
, T.
, 2008, “Theoretical and Computational Hierarchical Nanomechanics of Protein Materials: Deformation and Fracture
,” Progr. Mater. Sci.
, 53
(8
), pp. 1101
–1241
.17.
Buehler
, M. J.
, and Ackbarow
, T.
, 2007, “Fracture Mechanics of Protein Materials
,” Mater, Today
, 10
(9
), pp. 46
–58
.18.
Sun
, Y. L.
, An
, K. N.
, Luo
, Z. P.
, and Fertala
, A.
, 2004, “Stretching Type II Collagen With Optical Tweezers
,” J. Biomech.
, 37
(11
), pp. 1665
–1669
.19.
Kennedy
, E.
, and Duma
, S.
, 2008, “The Effects of the Extraocular Muscles on Eye Impact Force-Deflection and Globe Rupture Response
,” J. Biomech.
, 41
(16
), pp. 3297
–3302
.20.
Rangarajan
, N.
, Kamalakkannan
, S. B.
, Hasija
, V.
, Shams
, T.
, Jenny
, C.
, Serbanescu
, I.
, Ho
, J.
, Rusinek
, M.
, and Levin
, A. V.
, 2009, “Finite Element Model of Ocular Injury in Abusive Head Trauma
,” J. Am. Assoc. Pediat. Ophthalmol. Strabismus
, 13
(4
), pp. 364
–369
.21.
Al-Sukhun
, J.
, Kontio
, R.
, and Lindqvist
, C.
, 2006, “Orbital Stress Analysis—Part I: Simulation of Orbital Deformation Following Blunt Injury by Finite Element Analysis Method
,” J. Oral. Maxillofacial Surg.
, 64
(3
), pp. 434
–442
.22.
Stitzel
, J. D.
, Hansen
, G. A.
, Herring
, I. P.
, and Duma
, S. M.
, 2005, “Blunt Trauma of the Aging Eye—Injury Mechanisms and Increasing Lens Stiffness
,” Arch. Ophthalmol.
, 123
(6
), pp. 789
–794
.23.
Uchio
, E.
, Kadonosono
, K.
, Matsuoka
, Y.
, and Goto
, S.
, 2004, “Simulation of Air-Bag Impact on an Eye With Transsclerally Fixated Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Using Finite Element Analysis
,” J. Cataract Refract. Surg.
, 30
(2
), pp. 483
–490
.24.
Uchio
, E.
, Ohno
, S.
, Kudoh
, K.
, Kadonosono
, K.
, Andoh
, K.
, and Kisielewicz
, L. T.
, 2001, “Simulation of Air-Bag Impact on Post-Radial Keratotomy Eye Using Finite Element Analysis
,” J. Cataract Refract. Surg.
, 27
(11
), pp. 1847
–1853
.25.
Uchio
, E.
, Ohno
, S.
, Kudoh
, J.
, Aoki
, K.
, and Kisielewicz
, L. T.
, 1999, “Simulation Model of an Eyeball Based on Finite Element Analysis on a Supercomputer
,” Br. J. Ophthalmol.
, 83
(10
), pp. 1106
–1111
.26.
Benson
, W. E.
, 1984, “The Effects of Blunt Trauma on the Posterior Segment of the Eye
,” Trans. Penn. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol.
, 37
(1
), pp. 26
–33
.27.
Benson
, W. E.
, and Jeffers
, J. B.
, 2001, “Blunt Trauma,” Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology, Tasman, W, and Jaeger, E.A., eds., J.B. Lippincott Company.28.
Kenney
, K. S.
, and Fanciullo
, L. M.
, 2005, “Automobile Air Bags: Friend or Foe? A Case of Air Bag-Associated Ocular Trauma and a Related Literature Review
,” Optometry J. Am. Optometric Assoc.
, 76
(7
), pp. 382
–386
.29.
Burgoyne
, C. F.
, Crawford Downs
, J.
, Bellezza
, A. J.
, Francis Suh
, J. K.
, and Hart
, R. T.
, 2005, “The Optic Nerve Head as a Biomechanical Structure: A New Paradigm for Understanding the Role of IOP-Related Stress and Strain in the Pathophysiology of Glaucomatous Optic Nerve Head Damage
,” Progr. Retinal Eye Res.
, 24
(1
), pp. 39
–73
.30.
Sander
, E. A.
, Downs
, J. C.
, Hart
, R. T.
, Burgoyne
, C. F.
, and Nauman
, E. A.
, 2006, “A Cellular Solid Model of the Lamina Cribrosa: Mechanical Dependence on Morphology
,” ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
, 128
(6
), pp. 879
–889
.31.
Johnson
, C. S.
, Mian
, S. I.
, Moroi
, S.
, Epstein
, D.
, Izatt
, J.
, and Afshari
, N. A.
, 2007, “Role of Corneal Elasticity in Damping of Intraocular Pressure
,” Invest, Ophthalmol, Visual Sci
,, 48
(6
), pp. 2540
–2544
.32.
Sigal
, I. A.
, and Ethier
, C. R.
, 2009, “Biomechanics of the Optic Nerve Head
,” Exp. Eye Res.
, 88
(4
), pp. 799
–807
.33.
Cullen
, D. K.
, Simon
, C. M.
, and Laplaca
, M. C.
, 2007, “Strain Rate-Dependent Induction of Reactive Astrogliosis and Cell Death in Three-Dimensional Neuronal-Astrocytic Co-Cultures
,” Brain Res.
, 1158
(1
), pp. 103
–115
.34.
Mortazavi
, A. M.
, Simon
, B. R.
, Stamer
, W. D.
, and Vande Geest
, J. P.
, 2009, “Drained Secant Modulus for Human and Porcine Peripapillary Sclera Using Unconfined Compression Testing
,” Exp. Eye Res.
, 89
(6
), pp. 892
–897
.35.
Fung
, Y. C. B.
, 1967, “Elasticity of Soft Tissues in Simple Elongation
,” Am. J. Physiol.
, 213
(6
), pp. 1532
–1544
.36.
Freed
, A.
, 2008, “Anisotropy in Hypoelastic Soft-Tissue Mechanics, I: Theory
,” J. Mech. Mater. Struct.
, 3
(5
), pp. 911
–928
.37.
Elsheikh
, A.
, and Anderson
, K.
, 2005, “Comparative Study of Corneal Strip Extensometry and Inflation Tests
,” J. R. Soc. Interface
, 2
(3
), pp. 177
–185
.38.
Argento
, A.
, Kim
, W.
, Lee
, E. C.
, Harris
, A. M.
, and Mielewski
, D. F.
, 2011, “Rate Dependencies and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Nanoreinforced, Biofiber, and Microcellular Polymer Composites
,” Polymer Composites
, 32
(9
), pp. 1423
–1429
.39.
Kim
, W.
, Argento
, A.
, Lee
, E.
, Flanigan
, C.
, Houston
, D.
, Harris
, A.
, and Mielewski
, D. F.
, 2012, “High Strain-Rate Behavior of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
,” J. Composite Mater.
46
(9
), pp. 1051
–1065
.40.
Freed
, A.
, 2009, “Anisotropy in Hypoelastic Soft-Tissue Mechanics II: Simple Extensional Experiments
,” J. Mech. Mater. Struct.
, 4
(6
), pp. 1005
–1025
.41.
Grytz
, R.
, and Meschke
, G.
, 2009, “Constitutive Modeling of Crimped Collagen Fibrils in Soft Tissues
,” J. Mech. Behavior .Biomed. Mater.
, 2
(5
), pp. 522
–533
.42.
Johnson
, G. R.
, and Cook
, W. H.
, 1985, “Fracture Characteristics of Three Metals Subjected to Various Strains, Strain Rates, Temperatures and Pressures
,” Eng. Fract. Mech.
, 21
(1
), pp. 31
–48
.43.
Chen
, W.
, and Zhou
, B.
, 1998, “Constitutive Behavior of Epon 828/T-403 at Various Strain Rates
,” Mech. Time-Dependent Mater.
, 2
(2
), pp. 103
–111
.Copyright © 2012
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
